THE PRICE OF PROTECTION: HOW SECTION 230’S IMMUNITY FOR ONLINE PROVIDERS IMPEDES CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION DESIGNED TO ADDRESS CSAM
Volume 98, No. 1, Fall 2025
In 2021, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) reported that it had received more than thirty‑five million images and videos to review for child sexual abuse material (CSAM). CSAM is typically known in the legal system as child pornography. However, organizations such as the NCMEC and the U.S. Department of Justice now prefer the label CSAM over child pornography because it shifts the focus to the impact sexual abuse and exploitation has on child victims. When CSAM is posted on the internet, it poses the risk of continuously retraumatizing victims, because it remains available for anyone to access.